Africa is already a key Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) region, with Chinese companies signing contracts there worth more than $700 billion between 2013 and 2023, according to Beijing's commerce ministry.
However, China's investment in the continent has been slammed by critics who accuse the BRI of saddling countries with exorbitant debt or funding projects that damage the environment.
Here AFP takes a look at five key BRI projects in Africa:
- Kenya's incomplete railway -
Kenya's Standard Gauge Railway -- built with finance from Exim Bank of China -- connects the capital Nairobi with the port city of Mombasa, and has cut journey times from 10 hours to four since opening in 2017.
At $5 billion, it is the country's most expensive infrastructure project since it won independence more than 60 years ago.
But a second phase meant to continue the line to Uganda never materialised as both countries struggled to pay down BRI debts.
The project was also beset with corruption allegations, and environmental campaigners have taken issue with the route, which cuts through a wildlife park.
Kenya's President William Ruto last year asked China for a $1 billion loan and the restructuring of existing debt to complete other stalled BRI construction projects.
The country now owes China more than $8 billion.
- Port facilities in Djibouti -
After China established its first permanent overseas naval base in Djibouti in 2016, it also helped develop the east African country's nearby Doraleh multi-purpose port.
The reportedly $590 million military base is strategically placed between the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
Beijing has said the base is used to resupply navy ships, support regional peacekeeping and humanitarian operations, and combat piracy, though its proximity to a US military base has raised concerns of espionage.
Doraleh, meanwhile, is partly owned by China Merchants Port Holdings, but the conglomerate's 23.5 percent stake raised eyebrows when it was awarded after the Djiboutian government seized control of the container terminal from UAE-based DP World.
DP World claims it was forced out to allow China Merchants to take over.
- Africa's longest suspension bridge -
According to state broadcaster CCTV, BRI investment in Africa has helped build over 12,000 kilometres (7,500 miles) of road and railway track, around 20 ports, and more than 80 power facilities.
In Mozambique, China Road and Bridge Corporation built Africa's longest suspension bridge, connecting the capital Maputo with its suburb of Katembe.
Previously, the quickest way across the Bay of Maputo was by ferry. Road travel required driving 160 kilometres on unpaved roads susceptible to flooding.
The bridge, which opened in 2018, cost an estimated $786 million, 95 percent of which was financed by Chinese loans.
But critics have suggested the project was overpriced and that interest rates on loans are excessive.
- Minerals in Botswana and beyond -
In recent years, BRI investment in Africa has shifted to mining the minerals needed to fuel China's high-tech and green industries, such as electric vehicles.
In 2023, China invested $7.8 billion in mining in Africa, according to US-based think tank the American Enterprise Institute.
That includes a $1.9 billion deal, reached last year, by state-owned MMG to buy the Khoemacau mine in Botswana, one of the world's largest copper mines.
In July, Chinese firm JCHX Mining Management agreed to buy Zambia's indebted Lubambe copper mine for just $2.
China has also invested in cobalt and lithium mines in Zambia, Namibia and Zimbabwe.
But regional conflicts have proved an occasional barrier to Chinese investments. In July this year, authorities suspended all mining in part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, including where Chinese companies operate, to "restore order" there.
- Coal and clean power -
Chinese funding in Africa has included dozens of investments in power generation, leading to criticism of the BRI's environmental impact.
In Kenya, Chinese companies were contracted in 2015 to build a coal-fired power plant close to the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lamu old town.
But Kenya's government cancelled the project in 2020 after protests and opposition to its environmental impact.
In 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced China would no longer support the construction of coal power plants abroad.
In July that year, Chinese funders pulled support from the $3 billion Sengwa coal project in Zimbabwe.
Instead, Chinese backers have funded the expansion of the country's Kariba Hydroelectric Power Station, for $533 million.
Chinese firms have accelerated investments in renewable energy projects. In Nigeria, Chinese loans are part-funding the $4.9 billion construction of the Mambilla hydroelectric plant, which will be the country's largest power station.
A white paper issued by China's State Council Information Office says the country will focus on using the BRI to support green transition projects.
China rolls out the red carpet for African leaders
Beijing (AFP) Sept 2, 2024 -
China on Monday rolled out the red carpet for leaders from across Africa, seeking to deepen ties with the resource-rich continent it has furnished with billions in loans for infrastructure and development.
Beijing has said this week's China-Africa forum will be its largest diplomatic event since the Covid-19 pandemic, with more than a dozen leaders and delegations expected.
China has sent hundreds of thousands of workers to Africa to build its megaprojects while tapping the continent's vast natural resources including copper, gold, lithium and rare earth minerals.
Its vast loans to the continent have funded infrastructure but also stoked controversy by saddling countries with huge debts.
China, the world's number two economy, is Africa's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade hitting $167.8 billion in the first half of this year, according to Chinese state media.
Security is tight across Beijing, with roads and bus stops bedecked with banners declaring China and the continent are "joining hands for a brighter future".
Among the leaders in the capital is South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, who arrived early Monday for a four-day visit during which he will also visit the southern tech powerhouse city of Shenzhen.
Trade between China and South Africa soared to $38.8 billion in 2023, according to the South African presidency.
Ramaphosa is set to take part in a welcoming ceremony Monday at Beijing's ornate Great Hall of People and lay a wreath "in honour of Chinese revolutionaries" in Tiananmen Square, his office said.
The two countries will sign a number of agreements focused on "enhancing economic cooperation and the implementation of technical cooperation", it added.
- Expanding influence -
On Monday, President Xi Jinping met with Democratic Republic of the Congo Felix Tshisekedi, state news agency Xinhua said.
China has a significant presence in the DRC, where it is keen on tapping vast natural resources including copper, gold, lithium and rare earth minerals.
But it has grappled with security issues in the country -- in July, local sources told AFP that a militia attack on a mining site in gold-rich Ituri province killed at least four Chinese nationals.
Leaders of Djibouti -- home to China's first overseas military base -- as well as Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Mali and others, also arrived in Beijing on Sunday and Monday.
Beijing's loans to African nations last year were their highest in five years, research by the Chinese Loans to Africa Database found. Top borrowers were Angola, Ethiopia, Egypt, Nigeria and Kenya.
But the data showed that loans were well down compared to highs in 2016, when they totalled almost $30 billion.
And the loans were increasingly to local banks, researchers said, helping to avoid "exposing Chinese creditors to credit risks associated with those countries".
Analysts say an economic slowdown in China has made Beijing increasingly reluctant to shell out big sums.
This week's summit comes as African leaders eye mounting great power competition between the US and China over resources and influence on the continent.
Washington has warned against what it sees as Beijing's malign influence.
In 2022, the White House said China sought to "advance its own narrow commercial and geopolitical interests (and) undermine transparency and openness".
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